液壓(ya)傳(chuan)動技術在農業機(ji)械上應(ying)用(yong)越來越廣泛，由于各種(zhong)原因(yin)，會出現故障(zhang)，正(zheng)確(que)的使(shi)用(yong)和保(bao)養維護是必不可(ke)少的。正(zheng)確(que)使(shi)用(yong)維護農業機(ji)械的液壓(ya)系統(tong)(tong)，能夠保(bao)證系統(tong)(tong)安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠(kao)地運(yun)行，還能使(shi)系統(tong)(tong)處于良好(hao)的技術狀(zhuang)態，延長液壓(ya)系統(tong)(tong)的使(shi)用(yong)壽命。

　　液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)零部(bu)(bu)件(jian)類(lei)別繁多，各有其特點用(yong)途和使(shi)用(yong)要(yao)求(qiu)，因此要(yao)正確(que)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)系(xi)統。正確(que)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)油(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，吸(xi)油(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)不得漏氣，必須擰(ning)緊(jin)各處接頭(10MPa以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)系(xi)統每月緊(jin)固一次(ci)，10MPa以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)系(xi)統每三(san)個月緊(jin)固一次(ci))；一般(ban)泵的(de)(de)吸(xi)油(you)高度應(ying)小于500mm；吸(xi)油(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道上(shang)設(she)置過濾(lv)器，精(jing)度為0.1～0.2mm；回(hui)油(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)應(ying)插入(ru)油(you)面以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)，防(fang)止飛濺起泡沫，混入(ru)空氣；電(dian)磁閥泄漏的(de)(de)回(hui)油(you)不應(ying)有負壓(ya),應(ying)單設(she)回(hui)油(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)；溢流閥回(hui)油(you)口不得與(yu)油(you)泵入(ru)口相接，否則(ze)泵的(de)(de)溫度急劇上(shang)升；全部(bu)(bu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)應(ying)二次(ci)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，一次(ci)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)后，拆下(xia)(xia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道，用(yong)20%的(de)(de)硫酸或鹽酸進行酸洗(xi)，用(yong)10%的(de)(de)蘇打水中和，再用(yong)溫水清洗(xi)，干燥涂(tu)油(you)后二次(ci)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。

二、密封件

　　液壓零部件漏油原因很多，除密封件質量不好和用戶為按規定周期更換外，還和元件設計、制造以及裝配質量、管道的安裝質量等有很大關系。此外，還和密封件的保管方法有關。

　　密(mi)封不良(liang)產生的后果：發生在(zai)吸(xi)油(you)管道時(shi)，造成(cheng)吸(xi)空產生振動和噪(zao)聲；發生在(zai)高壓(ya)管道時(shi)，工(gong)作壓(ya)力達不到(dao)要求(qiu)，推理不足(zu)，降低系(xi)統容積效率，工(gong)作速度達不到(dao)要求(qiu)，控制速度緩慢(man)或(huo)失靈，高壓(ya)油(you)噴出甚至會(hui)引起火災(zai)；漏油(you)會(hui)造成(cheng)浪(lang)費，污染環境。

　　密封件的保管(guan)(guan)：將密封件裝入聚乙烯塑(su)料袋中(zhong)并封口，置(zhi)陰涼(liang)干燥(zao)處存放(fang)；不準將密封件堆(dui)放(fang)、吊掛，以免產(chan)生永久變形(xing)，并在規定(ding)保管(guan)(guan)期內使用。

　　液(ye)壓油(you)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源可歸納為內在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)、外(wai)界侵(qin)入的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)和內部產生的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)。污(wu)(wu)染(ran)對系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)危害有(you)：使(shi)節流縫隙、阻尼小孔面積減小甚至堵死，影響系(xi)統工作性能或產生故(gu)障；使(shi)元件(jian)中的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)副磨(mo)損(sun)加劇，造成(cheng)系(xi)統效(xiao)(xiao)率降低，元件(jian)壽命縮短；使(shi)運(yun)動(dong)密封件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)損(sun)加快，提前損(sun)壞，密封失效(xiao)(xiao)；污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)進(jin)入滑閥(fa)間(jian)隙，可能使(shi)滑閥(fa)卡住(zhu)，導致執行機構動(dong)作失控或其他故(gu)障；雜質若將(jiang)吸(xi)油(you)過濾(lv)器(qi)嚴重堵塞，導致液(ye)壓泵吸(xi)入不足，產生氣穴現象，則引起(qi)系(xi)統振動(dong)和噪(zao)聲(sheng)；若將(jiang)高壓或回油(you)濾(lv)油(you)器(qi)堵塞，將(jiang)使(shi)濾(lv)油(you)器(qi)失效(xiao)(xiao)，甚至由于濾(lv)芯破(po)裂使(shi)已附(fu)著在(zai)濾(lv)芯上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)進(jin)入濾(lv)后的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統中，造成(cheng)事故(gu)；油(you)液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)還會使(shi)油(you)液(ye)變質，失去原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)性能，縮短換油(you)周(zhou)期，增(zeng)加成(cheng)本。

　　系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)可壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮性很小，但空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮性很大(da)，即使(shi)(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)含有少量的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)也是很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。溶解在油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，在壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力低(di)(di)時(shi)會從油(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)逸(yi)出，產(chan)生(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡，形成空(kong)(kong)(kong)穴(xue)現象。到(dao)了高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)區時(shi)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡急劇受到(dao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮，使(shi)(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)生(sheng)噪聲，同時(shi)會放出大(da)量熱(re)量，引起局部過熱(re)，使(shi)(shi)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)元(yuan)件受到(dao)損壞。油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)混(hun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，還容(rong)(rong)易(yi)使(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)變質，降低(di)(di)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)。因(yin)(yin)此必須(xu)注意防(fang)止空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)。空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)從油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機會較(jiao)多，油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱中(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)量不足，油(you)(you)(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)吸油(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)浸入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)太短，容(rong)(rong)易(yi)將空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)。因(yin)(yin)此，要(yao)經常(chang)檢查油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱中(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度，不足時(shi)按要(yao)求及時(shi)補(bu)充新的(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)。液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)有低(di)(di)于大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方，油(you)(you)(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸油(you)(you)(you)(you)腔(qiang)和(he)吸油(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)等，如果系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)密封(feng)元(yuan)件性能不好，管(guan)(guan)接(jie)頭(tou)以(yi)及液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)元(yuan)件接(jie)合(he)(he)面(mian)螺釘(ding)擰得不緊(jin)(jin)，外界空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)就會侵入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)。因(yin)(yin)此，要(yao)及時(shi)更(geng)換(huan)失效的(de)(de)(de)(de)密封(feng)裝置，管(guan)(guan)接(jie)頭(tou)以(yi)及液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)元(yuan)件接(jie)合(he)(he)面(mian)螺釘(ding)要(yao)擰緊(jin)(jin)。在防(fang)止空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，也應當防(fang)止水分(fen)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，因(yin)(yin)為水分(fen)混(hun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)會使(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)產(chan)生(sheng)乳化(hua)，降低(di)(di)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潤(run)滑(hua)性能，增加油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)酸值，因(yin)(yin)而(er)縮短了油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)和(he)泵(beng)(beng)、閥等元(yuan)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)。

五、防止油(you)溫過(guo)高

　　系統中油液的溫度應在50℃左右，最高不應超過60℃。油溫升高油液黏度降低后的危害：使油泵的容積效率降低，工作元件運動速度變慢；使原來調節好的工作元件運動速度發生變化，影響工作的穩定性和精度；使運動表面潤滑油膜變薄，加劇磨損；使油液氧化加快,降低油的使用壽命，油中析出的瀝青等沉淀物會堵塞管路，影響系統正常工作。

　　液(ye)壓設(she)備在(zai)維護時(shi)應(ying)注意以下問(wen)題：經(jing)(jing)常(chang)(chang)注意保持(chi)(chi)油(you)(you)箱(xiang)中的正確油(you)(you)位；及時(shi)清(qing)理油(you)(you)箱(xiang)、油(you)(you)管上的污(wu)物，以利于散熱；油(you)(you)泵(beng)的工(gong)作壓力應(ying)盡量(liang)調得低些；正確選擇油(you)(you)液(ye)的黏度；經(jing)(jing)常(chang)(chang)保持(chi)(chi)油(you)(you)液(ye)干凈，及時(shi)更換油(you)(you)液(ye)。

　　更換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)新(xin)油(you)(you)(you)(you)必須符合系統規定使用的(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)牌號，換(huan)(huan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)必須將(jiang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱內的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)全部放完(wan)，并且沖洗合格，新(xin)油(you)(you)(you)(you)過濾(lv)后(hou)再注(zhu)入(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱；新(xin)油(you)(you)(you)(you)加入(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱前，應把流入(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱的(de)(de)主(zhu)回油(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)拆開，用臨時(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)桶(tong)接油(you)(you)(you)(you)，使新(xin)油(you)(you)(you)(you)將(jiang)管(guan)道內的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)推出(chu)(置(zhi)換(huan)(huan)出(chu)來(lai))，在(zai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)泵(beng)轉動時(shi)，操縱油(you)(you)(you)(you)缸的(de)(de)換(huan)(huan)向閥(fa)，將(jiang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)缸內的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)置(zhi)換(huan)(huan)出(chu)來(lai)；加油(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)，注(zhu)意(yi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)桶(tong)口、油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱口濾(lv)油(you)(you)(you)(you)機進(jin)出(chu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)的(de)(de)清潔(jie)；油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱的(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)量在(zai)系統充滿油(you)(you)(you)(you)后(hou)應保持在(zai)規定油(you)(you)(you)(you)位范圍(wei)內。

七、液壓(ya)用油的管理(li)

　　所有的貯油(you)和(he)加油(you)器(qi)具(油(you)桶、漏斗、抹布等)要保持干凈(jing)；油(you)桶周圍應(ying)保持清(qing)(qing)潔，油(you)桶應(ying)加蓋密(mi)封；濾油(you)機不使用時(shi)應(ying)保持進出油(you)管(guan)清(qing)(qing)潔，定期或(huo)按(an)指示器(qi)顯示情況(kuang)更(geng)換濾芯(xin)，保證過(guo)濾精度(一般系統為(wei)15~25μm，伺服系統為(wei)3~5μm)，嚴格(ge)管(guan)理，防止(zhi)被污染。